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Contents |
5 |
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1 Introduction |
7 |
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1.1 Overview |
8 |
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1.2 Why Vehicular Communication? |
8 |
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1.3 Architecture Layers |
9 |
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References |
10 |
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2 Applications of Vehicular Communication |
11 |
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2.1 Safety |
11 |
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2.1.1 Critical Traffic Situations |
15 |
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2.1.1.1 Cars Passing at Close Distance (Head-on) |
16 |
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2.1.1.2 Head-on Vehicle Collision |
16 |
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2.1.1.3 Rear-End Vehicle Collision |
17 |
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2.1.1.4 Side Collisions at Intersections |
18 |
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2.1.2 Classification of Safety Applications |
23 |
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2.1.3 Normal Transmission Scheme |
26 |
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2.1.3.1 Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control |
26 |
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2.1.3.2 Cooperative Glare Reduction |
27 |
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2.1.3.3 Cooperative Merging Assistance |
27 |
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2.1.4 Bidirectional Transmission Scheme |
28 |
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2.1.4.1 Pre-crash Sensing |
28 |
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2.1.5 Non-autonomous Systems |
29 |
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2.1.5.1 Cooperative Forward Collision Warning |
30 |
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2.1.5.2 Lane Change Assistance |
30 |
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2.1.5.3 Wrong Way Driving Warning |
31 |
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2.1.6 Quick Warning Alerts |
31 |
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2.1.6.1 Cooperative Intersection Collision Warning |
33 |
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2.1.6.2 Emergency Electronic Brake Lights |
33 |
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2.1.6.3 Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning |
34 |
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2.1.6.4 Rail Collision Warning |
34 |
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2.1.6.5 Slow Vehicle Warning |
35 |
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2.1.6.6 Post-crash Warning |
35 |
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2.1.6.7 Traffic Jam Ahead Warning |
35 |
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2.1.6.8 Hazardous Location Notification |
35 |
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2.1.6.9 Working Area Warning |
36 |
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2.1.6.10 Limited Access Warning |
36 |
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2.2 Resource Efficiency |
36 |
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2.2.1 Autonomous Systems |
37 |
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2.2.2 Normal Traffic Alerts |
37 |
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2.2.2.1 Green Light Wave |
38 |
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2.2.2.2 Enhanced Route Guidance and Navigation |
38 |
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2.3 Infotainment |
39 |
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2.3.1 Ad Hoc Services |
40 |
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2.3.1.1 Point of Interest (PoI) Notification |
40 |
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2.3.1.2 Drive-Through Toll/Park Payment |
40 |
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2.3.1.3 Remote Diagnostics |
40 |
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2.3.2 Provider Services |
41 |
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2.3.2.1 Internet Access |
41 |
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2.3.2.2 Repair Notification |
41 |
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2.3.2.3 Fleet Management |
41 |
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2.4 Summary of Application Requirements |
41 |
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References |
44 |
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3 Communication Regimes |
45 |
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3.1 Bidirectional Communication Regime |
46 |
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3.2 Position Based Communication Regime |
48 |
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3.3 Multi-Hop Position Based Communication Regime |
50 |
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References |
51 |
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4 Information in the Vehicular Network |
52 |
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4.1 Accuracy of Information |
53 |
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4.2 Time Critical Information |
53 |
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4.3 Time and Distance for Braking |
54 |
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4.4 Time and Distance for Overtaking |
61 |
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4.5 Time Zones for Proactive Applications |
63 |
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4.5.1 Data Requirements |
63 |
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4.5.2 Network Requirements |
65 |
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4.5.3 The Cooperative Collision Avoidance System |
66 |
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References |
70 |
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5 Routing |
72 |
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5.1 Multi-hop Routing Protocols |
74 |
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5.1.1 Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) |
74 |
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5.1.2 Grid Location Service (GLS) |
76 |
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5.1.3 Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) |
79 |
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5.1.4 Geographic Source Routing (GSR) |
80 |
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5.1.5 Contention-Based Forwarding (CBF) |
81 |
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5.1.6 Octopus |
85 |
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5.1.7 Advanced Greedy Forwarding (AGF) |
86 |
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5.1.8 Preferred Group Broadcasting (PGB) |
86 |
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5.2 Secure Multi-hop Routing |
89 |
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5.2.1 Authenticated Routing for Ad Hoc Networks (ARAN) |
89 |
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5.2.2 Secure Ad Hoc on Demand Vector (SAODV) |
90 |
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5.2.3 Secure Link State Routing Protocol (SLSP) |
91 |
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5.2.4 Secure Position Aided Ad Hoc Routing (SPAAR) |
91 |
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References |
92 |
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6 Medium Access for Vehicular Communications |
94 |
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References |
101 |
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7 Physical Layer Technologies |
103 |
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References |
106 |
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8 Security |
107 |
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References |
110 |
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Index |
111 |
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