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Foreword |
6 |
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Preface |
8 |
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Acknowledgments |
9 |
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Contents |
10 |
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List of Symbols |
14 |
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1 Problem Description |
18 |
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1.1 Introduction |
18 |
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1.2 Sensitivities of Recipients and Legislation Requirements |
18 |
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1.2.1 Humans |
18 |
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1.2.1.1 Example of Guidelines in Codes for Vibration Limits Acceptable to Humans in Buildings |
19 |
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1.2.2 Equipment |
20 |
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1.2.3 Structures |
21 |
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1.2.3.1 Examples of Guidelines in Standards Used Internationally |
21 |
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1.2.4 Collapsible/Liquefiable/Thixotropic Soil |
22 |
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1.2.4.1 Example of Failure of an Embankment in Sweden |
24 |
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1.2.4.2 Example of Failure of an Embankment in Michigan, USA |
24 |
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1.3 Frequent Sources of Ground Vibration |
24 |
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1.3.1 Construction/Demolition Activities |
24 |
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1.3.1.1 Pile Driving |
25 |
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1.3.1.2 Soil Shallow Compaction |
26 |
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1.3.1.3 Demolition of Structures |
27 |
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1.3.1.4 Blasting in Construction and Mining Industries |
28 |
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1.3.1.5 Soil Deep Compaction by Explosives |
29 |
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1.3.2 Traffic |
29 |
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1.3.2.1 Train Induced Vibrations |
29 |
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1.3.2.2 Vehicle Induced Vibrations |
31 |
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1.3.3 Machinery |
31 |
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1.3.3.1 Examples of Dynamic Loads From Machinery |
32 |
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1.4 Vibration Propagation Media Effects |
32 |
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1.4.1 Ground Amplification and Attenuation of Wave Amplitudes |
33 |
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1.4.1.1 Wave Amplitudes Amplification |
33 |
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1.4.1.2 Wave Amplitude Attenuation |
34 |
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1.4.2 Foundation Kinematic and Inertia Interactions |
35 |
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1.4.2.1 Kinematic Interaction |
35 |
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1.4.2.2 Inertial Interaction |
37 |
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1.5 Summary |
37 |
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2 Ground Waves Propagation |
39 |
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2.1 Introduction |
39 |
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2.2 Main Wave Parameters |
40 |
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2.3 Types and Amplitudes of Ground Waves |
41 |
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2.3.1 Body Waves |
41 |
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2.3.2 Surface Waves |
44 |
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2.4 Ground Wave Path Effects and Other Influential Factors |
46 |
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2.4.1 Impedance |
46 |
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2.4.2 Refraction |
47 |
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2.4.3 Reflection |
48 |
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2.4.4 Superposition and Focusing |
50 |
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2.4.5 Ground Stiffness and Its Anisotropy |
50 |
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2.4.6 Geometric (Radiation) Damping |
51 |
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2.4.7 Material Damping |
52 |
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2.4.7.1 Example of the Effect of Material Damping on Peak Particle Velocities |
55 |
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2.4.8 Soil Layering and Topography |
56 |
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2.4.8.1 Example of the Ratio Between Foundation and Ground Amplitudes for a Layered and an Equivalent Homogeneous Soil |
56 |
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2.5 Summary |
58 |
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3 Ground Vibration Measurement |
59 |
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3.1 Introduction |
59 |
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3.2 Geophones |
61 |
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3.2.1 Short Period Sensors |
63 |
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3.2.1.1 Case Study of Micro-tremor Field Investigation into Site Effects in Duzce -- Turkey by Tromans (2004) |
63 |
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3.2.2 Long Period Sensors |
68 |
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3.3 Accelerometers |
69 |
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3.3.1 Analogue System |
72 |
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3.3.2 Mixed Systems |
72 |
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3.3.3 Digital Systems |
73 |
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3.3.3.1 Case Study of Assessed Vibration Susceptibility over Shallow and Deep Bedrock Using Accelerometers and Weight Drops |
74 |
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3.4 Summary |
76 |
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4 Processing of Vibration Records |
78 |
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4.1 Introduction |
78 |
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4.2 Filtering of High Frequencies |
78 |
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4.2.1 Fourier Analysis and Fast Fourier Transform |
81 |
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4.2.1.1 Example of Fast Fourier Transform and Filtering in Frequency Domain |
84 |
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4.3 Baseline Correction |
86 |
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4.3.1 Example of Baseline Correction for the Record Shown in Fig. 4.3 |
87 |
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4.4 Spectral Analyses |
90 |
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4.4.1 Fourier Spectra |
91 |
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4.4.1.1 Example Shapes of FAS |
91 |
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4.4.2 Power Spectra |
92 |
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4.4.3 Response Spectra |
93 |
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4.4.3.1 Example of an Elastic Acceleration Response Spectra |
96 |
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4.5 Summary |
96 |
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5 Foundation and Structure Effects |
99 |
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5.1 Introduction |
99 |
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5.2 A Simplified Model of Kinematic Soil-Foundation Interaction |
99 |
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5.2.1 Example of the Kinematic Soil-Foundation Interaction Effect |
100 |
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5.3 Fundamental Period of Vibration of a Simplified Soil-Foundation Interaction Model |
102 |
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5.3.1 Generalized Single Degree of Freedom Oscillator |
105 |
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5.3.2 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of a Caisson |
106 |
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5.3.3 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of Foundation of a Large Scale Shaking Table |
107 |
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5.3.4 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of a Seven-Story Reinforced Concrete Building in Van Nuys--California |
109 |
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5.4 Summary |
115 |
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6 Ground Investigation for Vibration Prediction |
117 |
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6.1 Introduction |
117 |
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6.2 Field Non-intrusive Methods |
118 |
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6.2.1 Seismic Refraction |
119 |
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6.2.2 Seismic Reflection |
121 |
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6.2.3 Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves |
122 |
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6.2.4 Seismic Tomography |
123 |
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6.2.5 Ground Penetrating Radar |
123 |
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6.2.6 Field Compaction |
124 |
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6.3 Field Intrusive Methods |
124 |
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6.3.1 Seismic Down-Hole |
124 |
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6.3.2 Seismic Cross-Hole |
125 |
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6.3.3 Seismic Cone |
126 |
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6.4 Laboratory Testing |
127 |
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6.4.1 Bender Elements |
128 |
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6.4.2 Cyclic Simple Shear |
129 |
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6.4.3 Cyclic Triaxial Test |
131 |
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6.4.4 Resonant Column |
134 |
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6.5 Summary |
135 |
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7 Prediction of Vibration Amplitudes |
136 |
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7.1 Introduction |
136 |
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7.2 Construction and Demolition Caused Vibration |
137 |
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7.2.1 Pile Driving |
137 |
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7.2.1.1 Calculation of Source Energy Eo Due to Pile Driving in the Simple Analyses |
139 |
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7.2.1.2 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of a Steel H Section Pile by an Impact Hammer |
146 |
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7.2.1.3 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of Tubular Steel Piles by Vibratory and Impact Hammer |
148 |
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7.2.1.4 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of Tubular and Sheet Piles by Vibratory Hammers |
152 |
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7.2.2 Soil Shallow Compaction |
153 |
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7.2.2.1 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Installation of Stone Columns by a Vibratory Probe |
155 |
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7.2.2.2 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Fill Compaction by Vibratory Rollers |
157 |
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7.2.3 Demolition of Structures |
160 |
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7.2.3.1 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Demolition of a Cooling Tower at Thornhill in 1971 |
161 |
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7.2.4 Blasting in Construction and Mining Industries |
163 |
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7.2.4.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Bench Blasting at a Limestone Quarry |
164 |
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7.2.4.2 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Blasting for a Pipeline Installation |
166 |
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7.2.5 Soil Deep Compaction by Explosives |
169 |
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7.2.5.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Densification of Pond Ash by Blasting |
169 |
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7.3 Vibration Caused by Trains and Road Vehicles |
171 |
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7.3.1 Train Caused Vibration |
171 |
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7.3.1.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by High Speed Thalys Train |
173 |
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7.3.1.2 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by High Speed Train at Kahog in Sweden |
174 |
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7.3.2 Vehicle Caused Vibration |
175 |
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7.3.2.1 An Example of Calculation of Peak Particle Velocity Caused by a Wheel Drop into a Road Hole |
175 |
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7.4 Machinery Caused Vibration |
176 |
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7.4.1 Industrial Hammers Caused Vibration |
176 |
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7.4.1.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Weight Drops |
177 |
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7.4.2 Case Study of Determination of Ground Vibration Caused by a Compressor |
178 |
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7.4.3 Case Study of Determination of Ground VibrationCaused by a Gas Turbine |
183 |
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7.4.4 Tunnel Boring Machines Caused Vibration |
186 |
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7.5 Summary |
187 |
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8 Control of Ground and Foundation Vibration |
188 |
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8.1 Introduction |
188 |
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8.2 Minimization at Source |
188 |
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8.2.1 Base Isolation |
188 |
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8.2.1.1 Cases Study of Base Isolation by Rubber Bearings of the Foundation Block of a Compressor |
189 |
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8.2.2 Energy Dissipation by Dampers |
193 |
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8.2.2.1 Example of Viscoelastic Dampers Effect on the Motion of a Foundation |
194 |
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8.3 Ground Wave Propagation Barriers |
196 |
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8.3.1 Stiff Barriers |
197 |
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8.3.1.1 Case Study on the Use of a Simplified Approach for Checking of the Effectiveness of a Pre-cast Concrete Wall Barrier |
197 |
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8.3.2 Soft Barriers |
198 |
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8.3.2.1 Case Study on the Use of a Simplified Approach for Checking of the Effectiveness of a Cut-Off Trench |
198 |
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8.4 Recipient Isolators and Energy Dampers |
199 |
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8.4.1 Passive Systems |
199 |
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8.4.1.1 Case Study of Isolation of a Building in Japan by Rubber Bearings |
199 |
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8.4.2 Active Systems |
203 |
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8.5 Summary |
204 |
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9 Effects on Soil Slopes and Shallow Foundations |
205 |
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9.1 Introduction |
205 |
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9.2 Slope Instability Caused by Vehicle Induced Ground Vibration |
205 |
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9.2.1 Case Study of the Instability of Asele Road Embankment in Sweden |
207 |
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9.3 Shallow Foundation Settlement Caused by Ground Vibration |
208 |
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9.3.1 Case Study of Foley Square Building Settlement Caused by Pile Driving in Its Vicinity |
211 |
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9.4 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation over Liquefied Soil Layer |
212 |
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9.5 Summary |
214 |
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Appendices -- Microsoft Excel Workbooks on http://extras.springer.com |
215 |
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1 Fast Fourier Transform, Filtering and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform |
215 |
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2 Polynomial Base Line Correction |
215 |
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3 Elastic Response Spectra of a Single Degree of Freedom Oscillator |
215 |
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4 Peak Particle Velocities from Piles Driving |
215 |
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5 Peak Particle Velocities from Vibratory Rollers |
220 |
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6 Vibration Properties of a Shallow Foundation for Compressor |
220 |
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7 Vibration Properties of a Shallow Foundation for Gas Turbine |
225 |
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8 Vibration Properties of a Rubber Bearings Isolated Foundation |
225 |
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9 Vibration Properties of a Viscoelastically Damped Foundation |
225 |
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10 Vibration Properties of a Passively Isolated Building in Japan Upper Bound Horizontal Stiffness and Damping Ratio |
225 |
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11 Vibration Properties of a Passively Isolated Building in Japan Lower Bound Horizontal Stiffness and Damping Ratio |
232 |
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12 Fast Movement on Failure of the Asele Road Embankment in Sweden |
232 |
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References |
233 |
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Index |
243 |
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