Foreword	6
	Preface	8
	Acknowledgments	9
	Contents	10
	List of Symbols	14
	1 Problem Description	18
	1.1 Introduction	18
	1.2 Sensitivities of Recipients and Legislation Requirements	18
	1.2.1 Humans	18
	1.2.1.1 Example of Guidelines in Codes for Vibration Limits Acceptable to Humans in Buildings	19
	1.2.2 Equipment	20
	1.2.3 Structures	21
	1.2.3.1 Examples of Guidelines in Standards Used Internationally	21
	1.2.4 Collapsible/Liquefiable/Thixotropic Soil	22
	1.2.4.1 Example of Failure of an Embankment in Sweden	24
	1.2.4.2 Example of Failure of an Embankment in Michigan, USA	24
	1.3 Frequent Sources of Ground Vibration	24
	1.3.1 Construction/Demolition Activities	24
	1.3.1.1 Pile Driving	25
	1.3.1.2 Soil Shallow Compaction	26
	1.3.1.3 Demolition of Structures	27
	1.3.1.4 Blasting in Construction and Mining Industries	28
	1.3.1.5 Soil Deep Compaction by Explosives	29
	1.3.2 Traffic	29
	1.3.2.1 Train Induced Vibrations	29
	1.3.2.2 Vehicle Induced Vibrations	31
	1.3.3 Machinery	31
	1.3.3.1 Examples of Dynamic Loads From Machinery	32
	1.4 Vibration Propagation Media Effects	32
	1.4.1 Ground Amplification and Attenuation of Wave Amplitudes	33
	1.4.1.1 Wave Amplitudes Amplification	33
	1.4.1.2 Wave Amplitude Attenuation	34
	1.4.2 Foundation Kinematic and Inertia Interactions	35
	1.4.2.1 Kinematic Interaction	35
	1.4.2.2 Inertial Interaction	37
	1.5 Summary	37
	2 Ground Waves Propagation	39
	2.1 Introduction	39
	2.2 Main Wave Parameters	40
	2.3 Types and Amplitudes of Ground Waves	41
	2.3.1 Body Waves	41
	2.3.2 Surface Waves	44
	2.4 Ground Wave Path Effects and Other Influential Factors	46
	2.4.1 Impedance	46
	2.4.2 Refraction	47
	2.4.3 Reflection	48
	2.4.4 Superposition and Focusing	50
	2.4.5 Ground Stiffness and Its Anisotropy	50
	2.4.6 Geometric (Radiation) Damping	51
	2.4.7 Material Damping	52
	2.4.7.1 Example of the Effect of Material Damping on Peak Particle Velocities	55
	2.4.8 Soil Layering and Topography	56
	2.4.8.1 Example of the Ratio Between Foundation and Ground Amplitudes for a Layered and an Equivalent Homogeneous Soil	56
	2.5 Summary	58
	3 Ground Vibration Measurement	59
	3.1 Introduction	59
	3.2 Geophones	61
	3.2.1 Short Period Sensors	63
	3.2.1.1 Case Study of Micro-tremor Field Investigation into Site Effects in Duzce -- Turkey by Tromans (2004)	63
	3.2.2 Long Period Sensors	68
	3.3 Accelerometers	69
	3.3.1 Analogue System	72
	3.3.2 Mixed Systems	72
	3.3.3 Digital Systems	73
	3.3.3.1 Case Study of Assessed Vibration Susceptibility over Shallow and Deep Bedrock Using Accelerometers and Weight Drops	74
	3.4 Summary	76
	4 Processing of Vibration Records	78
	4.1 Introduction	78
	4.2 Filtering of High Frequencies	78
	4.2.1 Fourier Analysis and Fast Fourier Transform	81
	4.2.1.1 Example of Fast Fourier Transform and Filtering in Frequency Domain	84
	4.3 Baseline Correction	86
	4.3.1 Example of Baseline Correction for the Record Shown in Fig. 4.3	87
	4.4 Spectral Analyses	90
	4.4.1 Fourier Spectra	91
	4.4.1.1 Example Shapes of FAS	91
	4.4.2 Power Spectra	92
	4.4.3 Response Spectra	93
	4.4.3.1 Example of an Elastic Acceleration Response Spectra	96
	4.5 Summary	96
	5 Foundation and Structure Effects	99
	5.1 Introduction	99
	5.2 A Simplified Model of Kinematic Soil-Foundation Interaction	99
	5.2.1 Example of the Kinematic Soil-Foundation Interaction Effect	100
	5.3 Fundamental Period of Vibration of a Simplified Soil-Foundation Interaction Model	102
	5.3.1 Generalized Single Degree of Freedom Oscillator	105
	5.3.2 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of a Caisson	106
	5.3.3 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of Foundation of a Large Scale Shaking Table	107
	5.3.4 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of a Seven-Story Reinforced Concrete Building in Van Nuys--California	109
	5.4 Summary	115
	6 Ground Investigation for Vibration Prediction	117
	6.1 Introduction	117
	6.2 Field Non-intrusive Methods	118
	6.2.1 Seismic Refraction	119
	6.2.2 Seismic Reflection	121
	6.2.3 Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves	122
	6.2.4 Seismic Tomography	123
	6.2.5 Ground Penetrating Radar	123
	6.2.6 Field Compaction	124
	6.3 Field Intrusive Methods	124
	6.3.1 Seismic Down-Hole	124
	6.3.2 Seismic Cross-Hole	125
	6.3.3 Seismic Cone	126
	6.4 Laboratory Testing	127
	6.4.1 Bender Elements	128
	6.4.2 Cyclic Simple Shear	129
	6.4.3 Cyclic Triaxial Test	131
	6.4.4 Resonant Column	134
	6.5 Summary	135
	7 Prediction of Vibration Amplitudes	136
	7.1 Introduction	136
	7.2 Construction and Demolition Caused Vibration	137
	7.2.1 Pile Driving	137
	7.2.1.1 Calculation of Source Energy Eo Due to Pile Driving in the Simple Analyses	139
	7.2.1.2 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of a Steel H Section Pile by an Impact Hammer	146
	7.2.1.3 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of Tubular Steel Piles by Vibratory and Impact Hammer	148
	7.2.1.4 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of Tubular and Sheet Piles by Vibratory Hammers	152
	7.2.2 Soil Shallow Compaction	153
	7.2.2.1 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Installation of Stone Columns by a Vibratory Probe	155
	7.2.2.2 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Fill Compaction by Vibratory Rollers	157
	7.2.3 Demolition of Structures	160
	7.2.3.1 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Demolition of a Cooling Tower at Thornhill in 1971	161
	7.2.4 Blasting in Construction and Mining Industries	163
	7.2.4.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Bench Blasting at a Limestone Quarry	164
	7.2.4.2 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Blasting for a Pipeline Installation	166
	7.2.5 Soil Deep Compaction by Explosives	169
	7.2.5.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Densification of Pond Ash by Blasting	169
	7.3 Vibration Caused by Trains and Road Vehicles	171
	7.3.1 Train Caused Vibration	171
	7.3.1.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by High Speed Thalys Train	173
	7.3.1.2 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by High Speed Train at Kahog in Sweden	174
	7.3.2 Vehicle Caused Vibration	175
	7.3.2.1 An Example of Calculation of Peak Particle Velocity Caused by a Wheel Drop into a Road Hole	175
	7.4 Machinery Caused Vibration	176
	7.4.1 Industrial Hammers Caused Vibration	176
	7.4.1.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Weight Drops	177
	7.4.2 Case Study of Determination of Ground Vibration Caused by a Compressor	178
	7.4.3 Case Study of Determination of Ground VibrationCaused by a Gas Turbine	183
	7.4.4 Tunnel Boring Machines Caused Vibration	186
	7.5 Summary	187
	8 Control of Ground and Foundation Vibration	188
	8.1 Introduction	188
	8.2 Minimization at Source	188
	8.2.1 Base Isolation	188
	8.2.1.1 Cases Study of Base Isolation by Rubber Bearings of the Foundation Block of a Compressor	189
	8.2.2 Energy Dissipation by Dampers	193
	8.2.2.1 Example of Viscoelastic Dampers Effect on the Motion of a Foundation	194
	8.3 Ground Wave Propagation Barriers	196
	8.3.1 Stiff Barriers	197
	8.3.1.1 Case Study on the Use of a Simplified Approach for Checking of the Effectiveness of a Pre-cast Concrete Wall Barrier	197
	8.3.2 Soft Barriers	198
	8.3.2.1 Case Study on the Use of a Simplified Approach for Checking of the Effectiveness of a Cut-Off Trench	198
	8.4 Recipient Isolators and Energy Dampers	199
	8.4.1 Passive Systems	199
	8.4.1.1 Case Study of Isolation of a Building in Japan by Rubber Bearings	199
	8.4.2 Active Systems	203
	8.5 Summary	204
	9 Effects on Soil Slopes and Shallow Foundations	205
	9.1 Introduction	205
	9.2 Slope Instability Caused by Vehicle Induced Ground Vibration	205
	9.2.1 Case Study of the Instability of Asele Road Embankment in Sweden	207
	9.3 Shallow Foundation Settlement Caused by Ground Vibration	208
	9.3.1 Case Study of Foley Square Building Settlement Caused by Pile Driving in Its Vicinity	211
	9.4 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation over Liquefied Soil Layer	212
	9.5 Summary	214
	Appendices -- Microsoft Excel Workbooks on http://extras.springer.com	215
	1 Fast Fourier Transform, Filtering and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform	215
	2 Polynomial Base Line Correction	215
	3 Elastic Response Spectra of a Single Degree of Freedom Oscillator	215
	4 Peak Particle Velocities from Piles Driving	215
	5 Peak Particle Velocities from Vibratory Rollers	220
	6 Vibration Properties of a Shallow Foundation for Compressor	220
	7 Vibration Properties of a Shallow Foundation for Gas Turbine	225
	8 Vibration Properties of a Rubber Bearings Isolated Foundation	225
	9 Vibration Properties of a Viscoelastically Damped Foundation	225
	10 Vibration Properties of a Passively Isolated Building in Japan Upper Bound Horizontal Stiffness and Damping Ratio	225
	11 Vibration Properties of a Passively Isolated Building in Japan Lower Bound Horizontal Stiffness and Damping Ratio	232
	12 Fast Movement on Failure of the Asele Road Embankment in Sweden	232
	References	233
	Index	243