Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Second Edition	5
	CONTENTS	7
	Preface to the First Edition	13
	Preface to the Second Edition	15
	List of Principal Symbols	17
	1 Introduction	23
	1.1 Definitions	25
	1.2 Particle Size, Shape, and Density	30
	1.3 Aerosol Concentration	32
	Problems	34
	References	35
	2 Properties of Gases	37
	2.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases	37
	2.2 Molecular Velocity	40
	2.3 Mean Free Path	43
	2.4 Other Properties	45
	2.5 Reynolds Number	49
	2.6 Measurement of Velocity, Flow Rate, and Pressure	53
	Problems	61
	References	63
	3 Uniform Particle Motion	64
	3.1 Newton's Resistance Law	64
	3.2 Stokes's Law	66
	3.3 Settling Velocity and Mechanical Mobility	68
	3.4 Slip Correction Factor	70
	3.5 Nonspherical Particles	73
	3.6 Aerodynamic Diameter	75
	3.7 Settling at High Reynolds Numbers	77
	3.8 Stirred Settling	84
	3.9 Instruments That Rely on Settling Velocity	87
	3.10 Appendix: Derivation of Stokes's Law	89
	Problems	92
	References	95
	4 Particle Size Statistics	97
	4.1 Properties of Size Distributions	97
	4.2 Moment Averages	104
	4.3 Moment Distributions	106
	4.4 The Lognormal Distribution	112
	4.5 Log-Probability Graphs	116
	4.6 The Hatch–Choate Conversion Equations	119
	4.7 Statistical Accuracy	122
	4.8 Appendix 1: Distributions Applied to Particle Size	126
	4.9 Appendix 2: Theoretical Basis for Aerosol Particle Size Distributions	127
	4.10 Appendix 3: Derivation of the Hatch–Choate Equations	127
	Problems	130
	References	132
	5 Straight-Line Acceleration and Curvilinear Particle Motion	133
	5.1 Relaxation Time	133
	5.2 Straight-Line Particle Acceleration	134
	5.3 Stopping Distance	139
	5.4 Curvilinear Motion and Stokes Number	141
	5.5 Inertial Impaction	143
	5.6 Cascade Impactors	150
	5.7 Virtual Impactors	156
	5.8 Time-of-Flight Instruments	158
	Problems	160
	References	162
	6 Adhesion of Particles	163
	6.1 Adhesive Forces	163
	6.2 Detachment of Particles	166
	6.3 Resuspension	167
	6.4 Particle Bounce	168
	Problems	169
	References	170
	7 Brownian Motion and Diffusion	172
	7.1 Diffusion Coefficient	172
	7.2 Particle Mean Free Path	176
	7.3 Brownian Displacement	178
	7.4 Deposition by Diffusion	182
	7.5 Diffusion Batteries	187
	Problems	190
	References	191
	8 Thermal and Radiometric Forces	193
	8.1 Thermophoresis	193
	8.2 Thermal Precipitators	198
	8.3 Radiometric and Concentration Gradiant Forces	200
	Problems	202
	References	202
	9 Filtration	204
	9.1 Macroscopic Properties of Filters	204
	9.2 Single-Fiber Efficiency	212
	9.3 Deposition Mechanisms	213
	9.4 Filter Efficiency	218
	9.5 Pressure Drop	222
	9.6 Membrane Filters	224
	Problems	226
	References	226
	10 Sampling and Measurement of Concentration	228
	10.1 Isokinetic Sampling	228
	10.2 Sampling from Still Air	235
	10.3 Transport Losses	238
	10.4 Measurement of Mass Concentration	239
	10.5 Direct-Reading Instruments	244
	10.6 Measurement of Number Concentration	247
	10.7 Sampling Pumps	250
	Problems	252
	References	253
	11 Respiratory Deposition	255
	11.1 The Respiratory System	255
	11.2 Deposition	257
	11.3 Deposition Models	264
	11.4 Inhalability of Particles	267
	11.5 Respirable and Other Size-Selective Sampling	271
	Problems	279
	References	280
	12 Coagulation	282
	12.1 Simple Monodisperse Coagulation	282
	12.2 Polydisperse Coagulation	290
	12.3 Kinematic Coagulation	294
	Problems	298
	References	299
	13 Condensation and Evaporation	300
	13.1 Definitions	300
	13.2 Kelvin Effect	303
	13.3 Homogeneous Nucleation	305
	13.4 Growth by Condensation	307
	13.5 Nucleated Condensation	310
	13.6 Condensation Nuclei Counters	314
	13.7 Evaporation	316
	Problems	323
	References	324
	14 Atmospheric Aerosols	326
	14.1 Natural Background Aerosol	326
	14.2 Urban Aerosol	329
	14.3 Global Effects	334
	Problems	336
	References	337
	15 Electrical Properties	338
	15.1 Units	338
	15.2 Electric Fields	340
	15.3 Electrical Mobility	342
	15.4 Charging Mechanisms	345
	15.5 Corona Discharge	353
	15.6 Charge Limits	355
	15.7 Equilibrium Charge Distribution	357
	15.8 Electrostatic Precipitators	360
	15.9 Electrical Measurement of Aerosols	363
	Problems	368
	References	369
	16 Optical Properties	371
	16.1 Definitions	372
	16.2 Extinction	374
	16.3 Scattering	380
	16.4 Visibility	386
	16.5 Optical Measurement of Aerosols	392
	Problems	398
	References	399
	17 Bulk Motion of Aerosols	401
	Problems	407
	References	407
	18 Dust Explosions	408
	Problems	414
	References	414
	19 Bioaerosols	416
	19.1 Characteristics	416
	19.2 Sampling	418
	Problems	422
	References	422
	20 Microscopic Measurement of Particle Size	424
	20.1 Equivalent Sizes of Irregular Particles	424
	20.2 Fractal Dimension of Particles	430
	20.3 Optical Microscopy	435
	20.4 Electron Microscopy	438
	20.5 Asbestos Counting	444
	20.6 Automatic Sizing Methods	446
	Problems	447
	References	448
	21 Production of Test Aerosols	450
	21.1 Atomization of Liquids	450
	21.2 Atomization of Monodisperse Particles in Liquid Suspensions	456
	21.3 Dispersion of Powders	460
	21.4 Condensation Methods	465
	Problems	467
	References	468
	Appendices	469
	A1. Useful Constants and Conversions Factors	469
	A2. Some Basic Physical Laws	471
	A3. Relative Density of Common Aerosol Materials	473
	A4. Standard Sieve Sizes	473
	A5. Properties of Gases and Vapors at 293 K [20°C] and 101 kPa [1 atm]	474
	A6. Viscosity and Density of Air versus Temperature	474
	A7. Pressure, Temperature, Density, and Mean Free Path of Air versus Altitude	475
	A8. Properties of Water Vapor	477
	A9. Properties of Water	477
	A10. Particle Size Range of Aerosol Properties and Measurement Instruments	478
	A11. Properties of Airborne Particles at Standard Conditions	480
	A12. Slip Correction Factor for Standard and Nonstandard Conditions	482
	A13. Properties of Selected Low-Vapor-Pressure Liquids	483
	A14. Reference Values for Atmospheric Properties at Sea Level and 293 K [20°C]	484
	A15. Greek Symbols Used in This Book	486
	A16. SI Prefixes	486
	Index	487