Contents	5
	Chapter 1: Science of Dental Materials	9
	1.1 Introduction	9
	1.2 Selection of dental materials	9
	1.3 Evaluation of materials	11
	Chapter 2: Properties used to Characterise Materials	12
	2.1 Introduction	12
	2.2 Mechanical properties	14
	2.3 Rheological properties	26
	2.4 Thermal properties	29
	2.5 Adhesion	31
	2.6 Miscellaneous physical properties	34
	2.7 Chemical properties	35
	2.8 Biological properties	38
	2.9 Suggested further reading	39
	Chapter 3: Gypsum Products for Dental Casts	40
	3.1 Introduction	40
	3.2 Requirements of dental cast materials	40
	3.3 Composition	41
	3.4 Manipulation and setting characteristics	41
	3.5 Properties of the set material	45
	3.6 Applications	46
	3.7 Advantages and disadvantages	46
	3.8 Suggested further reading	47
	Chapter 4: Waxes	48
	4.1 Introduction	48
	4.2 Requirements of wax-pattern materials	48
	4.3 Composition of waxes	48
	4.4 Properties of dental waxes	49
	4.5 Applications	50
	4.6 Suggested further reading	53
	Chapter 5: Investments and Refractory Dies	54
	5.1 Introduction	54
	5.2 Requirements of investments for alloy casting procedures	54
	5.3 Available materials	55
	5.4 Properties of investment materials	57
	5.5 Applications	59
	5.6 Suggested further reading	60
	Chapter 6: Metals and Alloys	61
	6.1 Introduction	61
	6.2 Structure and properties of metals	61
	6.3 Structure and properties of alloys	64
	6.4 Cooling curves	65
	6.5 Phase diagrams	65
	6.6 Suggested further reading	69
	Chapter 7: Gold and Alloys of Noble Metals	70
	7.1 Introduction	70
	7.2 Pure gold fillings (cohesive gold)	70
	7.3 Traditional casting gold alloys	71
	7.4 Hardening heat treatments (theoretical considerations)	73
	7.5 Heat treatments (practical considerations)	75
	7.6 Alloys with noble metal content of at least 25% but less than 75%	76
	7.7 Soldering and brazing materials for noble metals	77
	7.8 Noble alloys for metal-bonded ceramic restorations	78
	7.9 Biocompatibility	78
	7.10 Suggested further reading	78
	Chapter 8: Base Metal Casting Alloys	79
	8.1 Introduction	79
	8.2 Composition	79
	8.3 Manipulation of base metal casting alloys	80
	8.4 Properties	81
	8.5 Comparison with casting gold alloys	82
	8.6 Biocompatibility	84
	8.7 Metals and alloys for implants	85
	8.8 Suggested further reading	87
	Chapter 9: Casting	88
	9.1 Introduction	88
	9.2 Investment mould	88
	9.3 Casting machines	89
	9.4 Faults in castings	89
	9.5 Suggested further reading	91
	Chapter 10: Steel and Wrought Alloys	92
	10.1 Introduction	92
	10.2 Steel	92
	10.3 Stainless steel	93
	10.4 Stainless steel denture bases	94
	10.5 Wires	94
	10.6 Suggested further reading	96
	Chapter 11: Ceramics and Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM)	97
	11.1 Introduction	97
	11.2 Composition of traditional dental porcelain	97
	11.3 Compaction and firing	98
	11.4 Properties of porcelain	99
	11.5 Alumina inserts and aluminous porcelain	100
	11.6 Sintered alumina core ceramics	101
	11.7 Injection moulded and pressed ceramics	102
	11.8 Cast glass and polycrystalline ceramics	102
	11.9 CAD–CAM restorations	103
	11.10 Porcelain veneers	105
	11.11 Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)	105
	11.12 Capillary technology	108
	11.13 Bonded platinum foil	108
	11.14 Suggested further reading	108
	Chapter 12: Synthetic Polymers	109
	12.1 Introduction	109
	12.2 Polymerisation	109
	12.3 Physical changes occurring during polymerisation	113
	12.4 Structure and properties	115
	12.5 Methods of fabricating polymers	117
	12.6 Suggested further reading	117
	Chapter 13: Denture Base Polymers	118
	13.1 Introduction	118
	13.2 Requirements of denture base polymers	118
	13.3 Acrylic denture base materials	120
	13.4 Modified acrylic materials	129
	13.5 Alternative polymers	131
	13.6 Suggested further reading	131
	Chapter 14: Denture Lining Materials	132
	14.1 Introduction	132
	14.2 Hard reline materials	132
	14.3 Tissue conditioners	134
	14.4 Temporary soft lining materials	136
	14.5 Permanent soft lining materials	136
	14.6 Self-administered relining materials	140
	14.7 Suggested further reading	140
	Chapter 15: Artificial Teeth	141
	15.1 Introduction	141
	15.2 Requirements	141
	15.3 Available materials	141
	15.4 Properties	141
	15.5 Suggested further reading	143
	Chapter 16: Impression Materials: Classification and Requirements	144
	16.1 Introduction	144
	16.2 Classification of impression materials	144
	16.3 Requirements	145
	16.4 Clinical considerations	150
	16.5 Suggested further reading	154
	Chapter 17: Non-elastic Impression Materials	155
	17.1 Introduction	155
	17.2 Impression plaster	155
	17.3 Impression compound	156
	17.4 Impression waxes	159
	Chapter 18: Elastic Impression Materials: Hydrocolloids	162
	18.1 Introduction	162
	18.2 Reversible hydrocolloids (agar)	162
	18.3 Irreversible hydrocolloids (alginates)	166
	18.4 Combined reversible/irreversible technique	169
	18.5 Modified alginates	169
	18.6 Suggested further reading	170
	Chapter 19: Elastic Impression Materials: Synthetic Elastomers	171
	19.1 Introduction	171
	19.2 Polysulphides	171
	19.3 Silicone rubbers (condensation curing)	175
	19.4 Silicone rubbers (addition curing)	176
	19.5 Polyethers	180
	19.6 Comparison of the properties of elastomers	183
	19.7 Suggested further reading	185
	Chapter 20: Requirements of Direct Filling Materials and Historical Perspectives	186
	20.1 Introduction	186
	20.2 Appearance	186
	20.3 Rheological properties and setting characteristics	186
	20.4 Chemical properties	187
	20.5 Thermal properties	187
	20.6 Mechanical properties	187
	20.7 Adhesion	187
	20.8 Biological properties	187
	20.9 Historical	188
	Chapter 21: Dental Amalgam	189
	21.1 Introduction	189
	21.2 Composition	189
	21.3 Setting reactions	191
	21.4 Properties	192
	21.5 Clinical handling notes for: dental amalgam	197
	21.6 Manipulative variables	199
	21.7 Suggested further reading	202
	Chapter 22: Resin-based Filling Materials	203
	22.1 Introduction	203
	22.2 Acrylic resins	203
	22.3 Composite materials – introduction	204
	22.4 Classification and composition of composites	205
	22.5 Properties of composites	210
	22.6 Fibre reinforcement of composite structures	221
	22.7 Clinical handling notes for composites	224
	22.8 Applications of composites	231
	22.9 Suggested further reading	232
	Chapter 23: Adhesive Restorative Materials: Bonding of Resin-based Materials	233
	23.1 Introduction	233
	23.2 Acid-etch systems for bonding to enamel	233
	23.3 Applications of the acid-etch technique	235
	23.4 Bonding to dentine – background	237
	23.5 Dentine conditioning – the smear layer	241
	23.6 Priming and bonding	242
	23.7 Current concepts in dentine bonding – the hybrid layer	244
	23.8 Classification of dentine bonding systems	245
	23.9 Bonding to alloys, amalgam and ceramics	246
	23.10 Bond strength and leakage measurements	248
	23.11 Polymerizable luting agents	250
	23.12 Suggested further reading	252
	Chapter 24: Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials (Polyalkenoates)	253
	24.1 Introduction	253
	24.2 Composition	253
	24.3 Setting reaction	255
	24.4 Properties	256
	24.5 Cermets	260
	24.6 Applications and clinical handling notes	260
	24.7 Suggested further reading	264
	Chapter 25: Resin-modified Glass lonomers and Related Materials	265
	25.1 Introduction	265
	25.2 Composition and classification	265
	25.3 Setting characteristics	268
	25.4 Dimensional change and dimensional stability	269
	25.5 Mechanical properties	270
	25.6 Adhesive characteristics	270
	25.7 Fluoride release	271
	25.8 Clinical handling notes	272
	25.9 Suggested further reading	272
	Chapter 26: Temporary Crown and Bridge Resins	273
	26.1 Introduction	273
	26.2 Requirements	273
	26.3 Available materials	273
	26.4 Properties	274
	Chapter 27: Requirements of Dental Cements for Lining, Base and Luting Applications	275
	27.1 Introduction	275
	27.2 Requirements of cavity lining materials	275
	27.3 Requirements of Iuting materials	278
	27.4 Requirements of endodontic cements	279
	27.5 Requirements of orthodontic cements	280
	27.6 Suggested further reading	280
	Chapter 28: Cements based on Phosphoric Acid	281
	28.1 Introduction	281
	28.2 Zinc phosphate cements	281
	28.3 Silicophosphate cements	285
	28.4 Copper cements	285
	28.5 Suggested further reading	285
	Chapter 29: Cements based on Organometallic Chelate Compounds	286
	29.1 Introduction	286
	29.2 Zinc oxide/eugenol cements	286
	29.3 Ortho-ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) cements	288
	29.4 Calcium hydroxide cements	288
	29.5 Suggested further reading	291
	Chapter 30: Polycarboxylates, Glass Ionomers and Resin-modified Glass Ionomers for Luting and Lining	292
	30.1 Introduction	292
	30.2 Polycarboxylate cements	292
	30.3 Glass ionomer cements	293
	30.4 Resin-modified glass ionomers and compomers	294
	30.5 Suggested further reading	296
	Chapter 31: Endodontic Materials	297
	31.1 Introduction	297
	31.2 Irrigants and lubricants	297
	31.3 Intra-canal medicaments	298
	31.4 Endodontic obturation materials	299
	31.5 Historical materials	299
	31.6 Contemporary materials	300
	31.7 Clinical handling	302
	31.8 Suggested further reading	304
	Appendix 1	305
	Index	307