Microwave and RF Engineering	1
	Contents	9
	About the Authors	17
	Preface	19
	1 Introduction	23
	1.1 Microwaves and radio frequencies	23
	1.2 Frequency bands	26
	1.3 Applications	28
	Bibliography	30
	2 Basic electromagnetic theory	31
	2.1 Introduction	31
	2.2 Maxwell’s equations	31
	2.3 Time-harmonic EM fields	34
	2.4 Maxwell’s equations in the harmonic regime	36
	2.5 Boundary conditions	37
	2.6 Energy and power of the EM field	39
	2.7 Some fundamental theorems	41
	2.7.1 Uniqueness theorem	41
	2.7.2 Lorentz’s reciprocity theorem	41
	2.7.3 Love’s equivalence theorem	42
	2.8 Plane waves	43
	2.9 Solution of the wave equation in rectangular coordinates	44
	2.9.1 Plane waves: an alternative derivation	46
	2.9.2 TEM waves	47
	2.9.3 TE and TM waves	48
	2.10 Reflection and transmission of plane waves	49
	2.10.1 Snel’s laws	50
	2.10.2 Reflection and transmission (Fresnel’s) coefficients	53
	2.10.3 Reflection from a conducting plane	56
	2.11 Electrodynamic potentials	58
	Bibliography	60
	3 Guided EM propagation	61
	3.1 Introduction	61
	3.2 Cylindrical structures	63
	3.3 Modes of propagation as transmission lines	70
	3.4 Transmission lines as 1-D circuits	74
	3.5 Phase velocity, group velocity and energy velocity	77
	3.6 Properties of the transverse modal vectors et, ht	79
	3.7 Loss, attenuation and power handling in real waveguides	81
	3.8 The rectangular waveguide	83
	3.9 The ridge waveguide	89
	3.10 The circular waveguide	90
	3.11 The coaxial cable	94
	3.12 The parallel-plate waveguide	96
	3.13 The stripline	98
	3.14 The microstrip line	100
	3.14.1 The planar waveguide model	104
	3.15 The coplanar waveguide	104
	3.16 Coupled lines	106
	3.16.1 Basic principles for EM analysis	107
	3.16.2 Equivalent circuit modelling	108
	Bibliography	110
	4 Microwave circuits	113
	4.1 Introduction	113
	4.2 Microwave circuit formulation	113
	4.3 Terminated transmission lines	116
	4.4 The Smith chart	119
	4.5 Power flow	127
	4.6 Matrix representations	131
	4.6.1 The impedance matrix	131
	4.6.2 The admittance matrix	132
	4.6.3 The ABCD or chain matrix	133
	4.6.4 The scattering matrix	134
	4.7 Circuit model of a transmission line section	141
	4.8 Shifting the reference planes	145
	4.9 Loaded two-port network	146
	4.10 Matrix description of coupled lines	147
	4.11 Matching of coupled lines	148
	4.12 Two-port networks using coupled-line sections	149
	Bibliography	151
	5 Resonators and cavities	153
	5.1 Introduction	153
	5.2 The resonant condition	153
	5.3 Quality factor or Q	156
	5.4 Transmission line resonators	158
	5.5 Planar resonators	161
	5.6 Cavity resonators	164
	5.7 Computation of the Q factor of a cavity resonator	166
	5.8 Dielectric resonators	168
	5.9 Expansion of EM fields	169
	5.9.1 Helmholtz’s theorem	170
	5.9.2 Electric and magnetic eigenvectors	170
	5.9.3 General solution of Maxwell’s equations in a cavity	175
	5.9.4 Resonances in ideal closed cavities	176
	5.9.5 The cavity with one or two outputs	177
	5.9.6 Excitation of cavity resonators	179
	Bibliography	183
	6 Impedance matching	185
	6.1 Introduction	185
	6.2 Fano’s bound	185
	6.3 Quarter-wavelength transformer	187
	6.4 Multi-section quarter-wavelength transformers	189
	6.4.1 The binomial transformer	193
	6.4.2 Chebyshev polynomials	194
	6.5 Line and stub transformers	200
	6.6 Lumped L networks	202
	Bibliography	207
	Simulation files	207
	7 Passive microwave components	209
	7.1 Introduction	209
	7.2 Matched loads	209
	7.3 Movable short circuit	210
	7.4 Attenuators	212
	7.5 Fixed phase shifters	215
	7.5.1 Loaded-line phase shifters	215
	7.5.2 Reflection-type phase shifters	216
	7.6 Junctions and interconnections	217
	7.6.1 Guide-to-coaxial cable transition	220
	7.6.2 Coaxial-to-microstrip transition	225
	7.7 Dividers and combiners	226
	7.7.1 The Wilkinson divider	227
	7.7.2 Hybrid junctions	231
	7.7.3 Directional couplers	233
	7.8 Lumped element realizations	243
	7.9 Multi-beam forming networks	245
	7.9.1 The Butler matrix	246
	7.9.2 The Blass matrix	247
	7.9.3 The Rotman lens	249
	7.10 Non-reciprocal components	252
	7.10.1 Isolator	254
	7.10.2 Circulator	254
	Bibliography	256
	Simulation files	257
	8 Microwave filters	259
	8.1 Introduction	259
	8.2 Definitions	259
	8.3 Lowdpass prototype	261
	8.3.1 Butterworth filters	262
	8.3.2 Chebyshev filters	262
	8.3.3 Cauer filters	266
	8.3.4 Synthesis of the lowdpass prototype	267
	8.4 Semi-lumped lowdpass filters	272
	8.5 Frequency transformations	276
	8.5.1 Lowdpass to highpass transformation	277
	8.5.2 Lowdpass to bandpass transformation	279
	8.5.3 Lowdpass to bandstop transformation	282
	8.5.4 Richards transformation	283
	8.6 Kuroda identities	286
	8.7 Immittance inverters	289
	8.7.1 Filters with line-coupled short-circuit stubs	295
	8.7.2 Parallel-coupled filters	299
	8.7.3 Comb-line filters	303
	Bibliography	308
	Simulation files	308
	9 Basic concepts for microwave component design	311
	9.1 Introduction	311
	9.2 Cascaded linear two-port networks	311
	9.3 Signal flow graphs	324
	9.4 Noise in two-port networks	325
	9.4.1 Noise sources	325
	9.4.2 Representation of noisy two-port networks	327
	9.4.3 Noise figure and noise factor	328
	9.4.4 Noise factor of cascaded networks	335
	9.4.5 Noise bandwidth	336
	9.5 Nonlinear two-port networks	338
	9.5.1 Harmonic and intermodulation products	339
	9.5.2 Harmonic distortion	339
	9.5.3 Intermodulation distortion	341
	9.5.4 Gain compression	343
	9.5.5 Intercept points	348
	9.5.6 Saturation and intercept point of cascaded two-port networks	350
	9.6 Semiconductors devices	356
	9.6.1 Basic semiconductor physics	356
	9.6.2 Junction diode	358
	9.6.3 Bipolar transistor	360
	9.6.4 Junction field effect transistor	361
	9.6.5 Metal oxide field effect transistor	362
	9.7 Electrical models of high-frequency semiconductor devices	364
	9.7.1 Linear models	364
	9.7.2 Nonlinear semiconductor models	370
	Bibliography	382
	Related files	382
	10 Microwave control components	385
	10.1 Introduction	385
	10.2 Switches	385
	10.2.1 PIN diode switches	390
	10.2.2 FET switches	397
	10.2.3 MEMS switches	401
	10.2.4 Alternative multi-port switch structures	407
	10.3 Variable attenuators	411
	10.4 Phase shifters	422
	10.4.1 True-delay and slow-wave phase shifters	424
	10.4.2 Reflection phase shifters	426
	10.4.3 Stepped phase shifters	429
	10.4.4 Binary phase shifters	430
	10.4.5 Final considerations on phase shifters	434
	Bibliography	434
	Related files	435
	11 Amplifiers	437
	11.1 Introduction	437
	11.2 Small-signal amplifiers	437
	11.2.1 Gain definitions	438
	11.2.2 Stability	442
	11.2.3 Matching networks	446
	11.2.4 Maximum gain impedance matching	447
	11.3 Low-noise amplifiers	451
	11.4 Design of trial amplifier	454
	11.5 Power amplifiers	462
	11.5.1 Output power optimization with negligible transistor parasitics	462
	11.5.2 Output power optimization in presence of transistor parasitics	466
	11.5.3 Load pull	473
	11.5.4 Balanced amplifiers	476
	11.5.5 PA classes	481
	11.5.6 Amplifier linearization	495
	11.5.7 Additional PA issues	503
	11.6 Other amplifier configurations	504
	11.6.1 Feedback amplifiers	505
	11.6.2 Distributed amplifiers	507
	11.6.3 Differential pairs	511
	11.6.4 Active loads	516
	11.6.5 Cascode configuration	517
	11.7 Some examples of microwave amplifiers	519
	11.7.1 Two-stage millimetre-wave amplifier	519
	11.7.2 Low-noise amplifier	521
	Bibliography	523
	Related files	523
	12 Oscillators	525
	12.1 Introduction	525
	12.2 General principles	525
	12.3 Negative resistance oscillators	530
	12.4 Positive feedback oscillators	534
	12.5 Standard oscillator configuration	540
	12.5.1 Inductively coupled oscillator	543
	12.5.2 Inductive gate feedback oscillator	545
	12.5.3 Hartley oscillator	547
	12.5.4 Colpitts oscillator	548
	12.5.5 Clapp oscillator	549
	12.5.6 Differential oscillator	550
	12.6 Design of a trial oscillator	552
	12.7 Oscillator specifications	556
	12.8 Special oscillators	565
	12.8.1 Lumped element and transmission line oscillators	565
	12.8.2 Cavity oscillators and dielectric resonator oscillators	569
	12.8.3 Voltage-controlled oscillators	571
	12.8.4 Push–push oscillators	575
	12.8.5 Amplitude-stabilized oscillators	577
	12.9 Design of a push– push microwave VCO	579
	Bibliography	581
	Related files	581
	13 Frequency converters	583
	13.1 Introduction	583
	13.2 Detectors	583
	13.2.1 Quadratic diode detector	585
	13.2.2 Envelope detectors	592
	13.2.3 FET detectors	595
	13.3 Mixers	599
	13.3.1 Product detector	601
	13.3.2 Single-ended diode mixers	603
	13.3.3 Singly balanced diode mixers	606
	13.3.4 Doubly balanced diode mixers	612
	13.3.5 Subharmonically pumped mixers	616
	13.3.6 Image reject mixers	619
	13.3.7 Suppression in presence of amplitude and phase imbalance	622
	13.3.8 FET mixers	624
	13.3.9 Mixers based on differential pairs	628
	13.3.10 Mixer nonlinearities	639
	13.4 Frequency multipliers	647
	Bibliography	652
	Related files	652
	14 Microwave circuit technology	655
	14.1 Introduction	655
	14.2 Hybrid and monolithic integrated circuits	655
	14.2.1 High-frequency PCB	656
	14.2.2 Hybrid MICs	657
	14.2.3 MMICs	658
	14.2.4 Advanced hybrid MICs	659
	14.2.5 Parasitic elements associated to physical devices	659
	14.3 Basic MMIC elements	661
	14.3.1 Transmission lines	662
	14.3.2 Via holes	662
	14.3.3 Resistors	663
	14.3.4 Inductors	665
	14.3.5 Capacitors	667
	14.3.6 Semiconductor devices	668
	14.4 Simulation models and layout libraries	671
	14.4.1 Single element models	672
	14.4.2 Scalable models	672
	14.4.3 Nonlinear models	673
	14.4.4 MMIC statistical models	673
	14.4.5 Temperature-dependent models	674
	14.5 MMIC production technique	674
	14.5.1 Lithography	675
	14.5.2 On-wafer testing	677
	14.5.3 Cut and selection	677
	14.6 RFIC	678
	Bibliography	679
	15 RF and microwave architectures	681
	15.1 Introduction	681
	15.2 Review of modulation theory	681
	15.2.1 Amplitude modulation	682
	15.2.2 Angular modulation	685
	15.3 Transmitters	687
	15.3.1 Direct modulation transmitters	687
	15.3.2 Polar modulator	697
	15.3.3 Cartesian modulator	699
	15.3.4 Transmitters with frequency translation	703
	15.4 Receivers	704
	15.4.1 RF tuned receivers	704
	15.4.2 Superheterodyne receivers	714
	15.4.3 Zero-IF and low-IF receivers	718
	15.4.4 Walking IF receivers	721
	15.4.5 One practical IC-based receiver	723
	15.4.6 Digital receivers	725
	15.5 Further concepts on RF transmitters and receivers	732
	15.5.1 Transceivers	732
	15.5.2 CAD analysis of a radar transmitting subassembly	741
	15.5.3 Receiver performance analysis	747
	15.6 Special radio functional blocks	753
	15.6.1 Quadrature signal generation	753
	15.6.2 PLL	757
	15.6.3 ALC and AGC	766
	15.6.4 SDLVA	771
	Bibliography	775
	Related files	776
	16 Numerical methods and CAD	779
	16.1 Introduction	779
	16.2 EM analysis	782
	16.2.1 The method of moments	783
	16.2.2 The finite difference method	785
	16.2.3 The FDTD method	788
	16.2.4 The finite element method	792
	16.2.5 The mode matching method	793
	16.3 Circuit analysis	802
	16.3.1 Linear analysis: the signal flow graph and the admittance matrix methods	802
	16.3.2 Time domain nonlinear analysis	807
	16.3.3 Frequency domain nonlinear analysis	808
	16.4 Optimization	810
	16.4.1 Definitions and basic concepts	811
	16.4.2 Objective function	812
	16.4.3 Constraints	813
	16.4.4 Optimization methods	813
	Bibliography	814
	17 Measurement instrumentation and techniques	817
	17.1 Introduction	817
	17.2 Power meters	817
	17.3 Frequency meters	820
	17.3.1 RF digital frequency meter	820
	17.3.2 Microwave digital frequency meter	821
	17.3.3 Frequency conversion frequency meters	822
	17.3.4 Frequency conversion frequency meter without preselector	824
	17.4 Spectrum analyzers	825
	17.4.1 Panoramic receiver	825
	17.4.2 Superheterodyne spectrum analyzer	828
	17.5 Wide-band sampling oscilloscopes	831
	17.6 Network analyzers	838
	17.6.1 Scalar analyzers	839
	17.6.2 Vector analyzers	843
	17.6.3 Noise figure meters	855
	17.7 Special test instruments	859
	17.7.1 IFM	859
	17.7.2 Complex test benches	865
	17.7.3 Test instruments for non-electrical quantities	868
	Bibliography	871
	Related files	871
	Appendix A: Useful relations from vector analysis and trigonometric function identities	873
	Appendix B: Fourier transform	883
	Appendix C: Orthogonality of the eigenvectors in ideal waveguides	887
	Appendix D: Standard rectangular waveguides and coaxial cables	891
	Appendix E: Symbols for electrical diagrams	895
	Appendix F: List of acronyms	899
	Index	905