Chemistry in Space: From Interstellar Matter to the Origin of Life	1
	Contents	7
	Preface	11
	1: Introduction and Technical Notes	13
	References	17
	2: Origin and Development of the Universe	19
	2.1 The Big Bang	19
	2.2 Cosmic Evolution: Dark Matter–the First Stars	22
	2.3 Cosmo-Chronometry	24
	Summary	27
	References	27
	3: The Evolution of Stars	29
	3.1 Formation, Classification, and Evolution of Stars	29
	3.1.1 General	29
	3.1.2 Neutron Stars and Black Holes	35
	3.1.3 Accretion and Hydrogen Burning	37
	3.1.4 Nuclear Fusion Sequences Involving He, C, O, Ne, and Si	40
	3.1.5 The r-, s-, rp- and Related Processes	42
	3.1.5.1 General	42
	3.1.5.2 Rapid Processes	43
	3.1.5.3 Slow Processes	46
	3.2 Chemistry in AGB Stars	47
	3.3 Galaxies and Clusters	52
	Summary	54
	References	55
	4: The Interstellar Medium	57
	4.1 General	57
	4.2 Chemistry in Interstellar Clouds	62
	4.2.1 Reaction Types	62
	4.2.2 Reaction Networks	66
	4.2.3 Detection of Basic Interstellar Species	73
	4.2.3.1 Hydrogen	74
	4.2.3.2 Other Basic Molecules	80
	4.2.4 Complex Molecules	86
	4.2.5 Chemistry on Grains	92
	4.2.5.1 The Hydrogen Problem	93
	4.2.5.2 Grain Structure, Chemical Composition, and Chemical Reactions	94
	Summary	106
	References	107
	5: The Solar System	111
	5.1 Overview	111
	5.2 Earth’s Moon and the Terrestrial Planets: Mercury, Venus, and Mars	119
	5.2.1 The Moon	119
	5.2.2 Mercury	122
	5.2.3 Venus	127
	5.2.3.1 General, and Geological and Orbit Features	127
	5.2.3.2 Venus’ Atmosphere	130
	5.2.3.3 Chemical Reactions	133
	5.2.4 Mars	138
	5.2.4.1 General	138
	5.2.4.2 Orbital Features, and the Martian Moons and Trojans	139
	5.2.4.3 Geological Features, Surface Chemistry, and Mars Meteorites	141
	5.2.4.4 Methane	145
	5.2.4.5 Carbonates, Sulfates, and Water	149
	5.2.4.6 Chemistry in the Martian Atmosphere	152
	Summary Section 5.2	157
	5.3 Ceres, Asteroids, Meteorites, and Interplanetary Dust	158
	5.3.1 General and Classification	158
	5.3.2 Carbon-Bearing Components in Carbonaceous Chondrites	165
	5.3.3 Interplanetary Dust Particles (Presolar Grains)	174
	5.4 Comets	179
	5.4.1 General	179
	5.4.2 Comet Chemistry	183
	5.5 Kuiper Belt Objects	188
	Summary Sections 5.3–5.5	191
	5.6 The Giant Planets and Their Moons	192
	5.6.1 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune	192
	5.6.2 The Galilean Moons	198
	5.6.3 The Moons Enceladus, Titan and Triton	203
	Summary Section 5.6	207
	References	208
	6: Exoplanets	215
	Summary	223
	References	224
	7: The Origin of Life	225
	7.1 What is Life?	225
	7.2 Putative Non-Carbon and Nonaqueous Life Forms	232
	7.3 Life Under Extreme Conditions	242
	Summary Sections 7.1–7.3	252
	7.4 Scenarios for the Primordial Supply of Basic Life Molecules	253
	7.4.1 The Iron–Sulfur World (“Pioneer Organisms”)	254
	7.4.2 The Miller–Urey and Related Experiments	259
	7.4.3 “Clay Organisms”	271
	7.4.4 Extraterrestrial Input	274
	7.5 Extraterrestrial Life?	277
	Summary Sections 7.4 and 7.5	286
	References	288
	Index	293