CONTENTS	8
	PREFACE	11
	INTRODUCTION	14
	Book One Ancient Philosophy	24
	Part I The Pre-Socratics	26
	1 THE RISE OF GREEK CIVILIZATION	28
	2 THE MILESIAN SCHOOL	46
	3 PYTHAGORAS	51
	4 HERACLITUS	59
	5 PARMENIDES	68
	6 EMPEDOCLES	73
	7 ATHENS IN RELATION TO CULTURE	78
	8 ANAXAGORAS	81
	9 THE ATOMISTS	84
	10 PROTAGORAS	93
	Part II Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle	100
	11 SOCRATES	102
	12 THE INFLUENCE OF SPARTA	112
	13 THE SOURCES OF PLATO’S OPINIONS	121
	14 PLATO’S UTOPIA	124
	15 THE THEORY OF IDEAS	134
	16 PLATO’S THEORY OF IMMORTALITY	145
	17 PLATO’S COSMOGONY	155
	18 KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION IN PLATO	161
	19 ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS	170
	20 ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS	181
	21 ARISTOTLE’S POLITICS	192
	22 ARISTOTLE’S LOGIC	201
	23 ARISTOTLE’S PHYSICS	208
	24 EARLY GREEK MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY	213
	Part III Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle	222
	25 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD	224
	26 CYNICS AND SCEPTICS	233
	27 THE EPICUREANS	243
	28 STOICISM	254
	29 THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN RELATION TO CULTURE	270
	30 PLOTINUS	282
	Book Two Catholic Philosophy	294
	INTRODUCTION	296
	Part I The Fathers	302
	1 THE RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWS	304
	2 CHRISTIANITY DURING THE FIRST FOUR CENTURIES	318
	3 THREE DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH	327
	4 ST AUGUSTINE’S PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY	342
	5 THE FIFTH AND SIXTH CENTURIES	354
	6 ST BENEDICT AND GREGORY THE GREAT	362
	Part II The Schoolmen	374
	7 THE PAPACY IN THE DARK AGES	376
	8 JOHN THE SCOT	387
	9 ECCLESIASTICAL REFORM IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY	393
	10 MOHAMMEDAN CULTURE AND PHILOSOPHY	403
	11 THE TWELFTH CENTURY	411
	12 THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY	422
	13 ST THOMAS AQUINAS	431
	14 FRANCISCAN SCHOOLMEN	441
	15 THE ECLIPSE OF THE PAPACY	452
	Book Three Modern Philosophy	462
	Part I From the Renaissance to Hume	464
	1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS	466
	2 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE	470
	3 MACHIAVELLI	478
	4 ERASMUS AND MORE	485
	5 THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER- REFORMATION	494
	6 THE RISE OF SCIENCE	497
	7 FRANCIS BACON	510
	8 HOBBES’S LEVIATHAN	514
	9 DESCARTES	524
	10 SPINOZA	534
	11 LEIBNIZ	544
	12 PHILOSOPHICAL LIBERALISM	557
	13 LOCKE’S THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE	564
	14 LOCKE’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY	576
	15 LOCKE’S INFLUENCE	596
	16 BERKELEY	602
	17 HUME	613
	Part II From Rousseau to the Present Day	626
	18 THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT	628
	19 ROUSSEAU	636
	20 KANT	650
	21 CURRENTS OF THOUGHT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY	665
	22 HEGEL	674
	23 BYRON	688
	24 SCHOPENHAUER	694
	25 NIETZSCHE	700
	26 THE UTILITARIANS1	711
	27 KARL MARX	719
	28 BERGSON	727
	29 WILLIAM JAMES	736
	30 JOHN DEWEY	743
	31 THE PHILOSOPHY OF LOGICAL ANALYSIS	751
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