Cover	1
	Contents	7
	Preface	13
	Acknowledgments	17
	List of Figures	19
	List of Tables	31
	Introduction	35
	I.1 Adaptive Filtering	35
	I.2 Historical Aspects	36
	I.3 Concept of Spatial Signal Processing	37
	1 Fundamentals of Array Signal Processing	39
	1.1 Introduction	39
	1.2 The Key to Transmission	40
	1.2.1 Maxwell's Equations	40
	1.2.2 Interpretation	41
	1.2.3 Key to Antennas	41
	1.3 Hertzian Dipole	43
	1.4 Antenna Parameters & Terminology	45
	1.4.1 Polarisation	45
	1.4.2 Power Density	45
	1.4.3 Radiated Power	46
	1.4.4 Radiation Resistance	47
	1.4.5 Antenna Impedance	47
	1.4.6 Equivalent Circuit	48
	1.4.7 Antenna Matching	48
	1.4.8 Effective Length and Area	48
	1.4.9 Radiation Intensity	49
	1.4.10 Radiation Pattern	49
	1.4.11 Bandwidth	50
	1.4.12 Directive Gain, Directivity, Power Gain	50
	1.4.13 Radiation Efficiency	52
	1.5 Basic Antenna Elements	52
	1.5.1 Finite-Length Dipole	53
	1.5.2 Mono-pole	55
	1.5.3 Printed Antennas	55
	1.5.4 Wideband Elements	56
	1.5.5 Dual Polarised Elements	58
	1.5.6 Sonar Sensors	59
	1.6 Antenna Arrays	59
	1.6.1 Linear Array	60
	1.6.2 Circular Array	61
	1.6.3 Planar A rray	61
	1.6.4 Conformal Arrays	62
	1.7 Spatial Filtering	63
	1.8 Adaptive Antenna Arrays	65
	1.9 Mutual Coupling & Correlation	65
	1.10 Chapter Summary	66
	1.11 Problems	67
	2 Narrowband Array Systems	69
	2.1 Introduction	69
	2.2 Adaptive Antenna Terminology	70
	2.3 Beam Steering	73
	2.3.1 Phase Weights	73
	2.3.2 Main Beam Steering	74
	2.3.3 Null Steering	76
	2.4 Grating Lobes	79
	2.5 Amplitude Weights	82
	2.5.1 Window Functions	82
	2.6 Chapter Summary	91
	2.7 Problems	91
	3 Wideband Array Processing	93
	3.1 Introduction	93
	3.2 Basic concepts	94
	3.3 A Simple Delay-line Wideband Array	97
	3.3.1 Angles of Grating Lobes	99
	3.3.2 Beam Width	101
	3.4 Rectangular Arrays as Wideband Beamformers	103
	3.4.1 Rectangular Array Antenna in Azimuth	104
	3.4.2 Beamforming using IDFT	107
	3.4.3 Beamforming using Matrix Inversion	111
	3.4.4 Numerical Examples	113
	3.4.5 Summary of Wideband Frequency Selective Rectangular Arrays	120
	3.5 Wideband Beamforming using FIR Filters	122
	3.5.1 Continuous Linear Wideband Array	122
	3.5.2 Beamformer Implementation	123
	3.5.3 Sensor Locations	126
	3.5.4 Design of Primary Filters	128
	3.5.5 Design of Secondary Filters	130
	3.5.6 Numerical Examples	130
	3.6 Chapter Summary	131
	3.7 Problems	132
	4 Adaptive Arrays	135
	4.1 Introduction	135
	4.2 Spatial Covariance Matrix	136
	4.3 Multi-beam Arrays	138
	4.4 Scanning Arrays	138
	4.5 Switched Beam Beamformers	139
	4.6 Fully Adaptive Beamformers	142
	4.6.1 Temporal Reference Beamforming	144
	4.6.2 Spatial Reference Beamforming	145
	4.7 Adaptive Algorithms	146
	4.7.1 Wiener Solution	147
	4.7.2 Method of Steepest-Descent	149
	4.7.3 Least-Mean-Squares Algorithm (LMS)	150
	4.7.4 Direct Matrix Inversion (DMI) Algorithm	151
	4.7.5 Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithm	153
	4.8 Source Location Techniques	154
	4.9 Fourier Method	155
	4.10 Capon's Minimum Variance	156
	4.11 The MUSIC Algorithm	156
	4.12 ESPRIT	159
	4.12.1 Unitary ESPRIT	160
	4.13 Maximum Likelihood Techniques	162
	4.14 Spatial Smoothing	163
	4.14.1 Comparison of Spatial Parameter Estimation Techniques	165
	4.15 Determination of Number of Signal Sources	165
	4.16 Blind Beamforming	167
	4.16.1 Decoupled Iterative Least Squares Finite Alphabet Space-Time (DILFAST) Algorithm	168
	4.16.2 Spectral Self-Coherence Restoral (SCORE) Algorithm	169
	4.16.3 Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA)	170
	4.16.4 Least-Squares Despread Respread Multitarget Constant Modulus Algorithm (LS-DRMTCMA)	171
	4.17 Chapter Summary	171
	4.18 Problems	172
	5 Practical Considerations	173
	5.1 Introduction	173
	5.2 Signal Processing Constraints	174
	5.2.1 Phase Error	174
	5.2.2 Element Position Error	175
	5.2.3 Element Failure	175
	5.2.4 Steering Vector Error	175
	5.2.5 Ill-Conditioned Signal Processing Matrices	175
	5.2.6 Weight Jitter	176
	5.3 Implementation Issues	176
	5.3.1 System Linearity	183
	5.3.2 Calibration	184
	5.3.3 Mutual Coupling	192
	5.3.4 Circular Arrays	194
	5.4 Radiowave Propagation	198
	5.4.1 Narrowband Single Antenna Channel Model	199
	5.4.2 Multiple Antenna Channel Model	200
	5.4.3 Wideband Multiple Antenna Channel Model	201
	5.4.4 Uplink-Downlink Channel Modelling for FDD Systems	206
	5.5 Transmit Beamforming	208
	5.5.1 Blind Techniques	210
	5.5.2 Feedback Based Techniques	215
	5.5.3 Switched Beam Techniques	216
	5.5.4 Downlink Signal Distribution Schemes	217
	5.6 Chapter Summary	219
	5.7 Problems	219
	6 Applications	221
	6.1 Introduction	221
	6.2 Antenna Arrays for Radar Applications	221
	6.3 Antenna Arrays for Sonar Applications	222
	6.4 Antenna Arrays for Biomedical Applications	224
	6.4.1 Medical Ultrasonic Arrays	224
	6.4.2 Space-Time Beamforming for Microwave Imaging	230
	6.5 Antenna Arrays for Wireless Communications	231
	6.5.1 Uplink Beamforming for Second-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks	234
	6.5.2 Downlink Beamforming for Third-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks	245
	6.5.3 User Location and Tracking	257
	6.5.4 Beamforming for Satellite Communications	269
	6.6 Chapter Summary	273
	6.7 Problems	274
	References	277
	Index	289
	A	289
	B	289
	C	289
	D	289
	E	290
	F	290
	G	290
	H	290
	I	290
	K	290
	L	290
	M	290
	N	290
	O	290
	P	290
	R	291
	S	291
	T	291
	U	291
	V	291
	W	291