Table of Contents	5
	Introduction	7
	On the Concept of Strategic Culture	9
	Basic Definitions	12
	Analytical Framework	13
	1) Level of Ambition	14
	2) Scope of Action for the Executive	14
	3) Foreign Policy Orientation	15
	4) Willingness to Use Military Force	15
	Austria	18
	Level of Ambition: Between Active Engagement and Neutrality	20
	Scope of Action for the Executive	22
	Foreign Policy Orientation	24
	Willingness to Use Military Force	25
	Conclusion	27
	Belgium	29
	Level of Ambition	32
	Scope of Action for the Executive	34
	Foreign Policy Orientation	35
	Willingness to Use Military Force	36
	Conclusion	38
	Bulgaria	40
	Level of Ambition	42
	Foreign Policy Orientation	45
	Willingness to Use Military Force	45
	Scope of Action for the Executive	46
	Conclusion	49
	Cyprus1	52
	Level of Ambition: It is All About Peace	52
	Scope of Action for the Executive	55
	Foreign Policy Orientation: Embracing Europe	56
	Willingness to Use Military Force: Militant Pacifism	59
	Conclusion	61
	Czech Republic	65
	Level of Ambition	68
	Scope of Action for the Executive	71
	Foreign Policy Orientation	73
	Willingness to Use Military Force	74
	Conclusion	76
	Denmark1	80
	Level of Ambition	81
	Scope of Action for the Executive	83
	Foreign Policy Orientation	85
	Willingness to Use Military Force	88
	Conclusion	89
	Estonia	93
	Level of Ambition: Activism in NATO and the EU	93
	Foreign Policy Orientation: Atlanticism and Focus on Collective Defence	96
	Willingness to Use Military Force: Active Deployments to International Operations While Building Total Defence	98
	Scope of Action for the Executive: Parliament Decides, But (Collective) Self-Defence Could be a Special Case	101
	Conclusion	103
	Finland	106
	Level of Ambition	107
	Scope of Action for the Executive	110
	Foreign Policy Orientation	111
	Willingness to Use Military Force	112
	Conclusion	114
	France	117
	Level of Ambition	117
	Scope of Action for the Executive	120
	Foreign Policy Orientation	122
	Willingness to Use Military Force	124
	Conclusion	127
	Germany	130
	Level of Ambition: The Tension Between Rhetoric and Practice	130
	Scope of Action: A Tamed Executive	133
	Foreign Policy Orientation: Restraint and Fragmentation	136
	Willingness to Use Military Force: A Hesitant Middle Power	137
	Conclusion	140
	Greece	144
	Level of Ambition	145
	Scope of Action for the Executive	147
	Foreign Policy Orientation	149
	Willingness to Use Military Force	152
	Conclusion	154
	Hungary	156
	Foreign Policy Orientation	158
	Level of Ambition and the Willingness to Use Military Force	161
	Scope of Action for the Executive	163
	Conclusion	165
	Ireland	171
	Level of Ambition	171
	Scope of Action for the Executive	173
	Foreign Policy Orientation	175
	Willingness to Use Military Force	178
	Conclusion	180
	Italy	182
	Level of Ambition	183
	Scope of Action for the Executive	185
	Foreign Policy Orientation	188
	Willingness to Use Military Force	190
	Conclusion	193
	Latvia	196
	Level of Ambition	197
	Scope of Action for the Executive	199
	Willingness to Use Military Force	200
	Foreign Policy Orientation	201
	Conclusion	203
	Lithuania	206
	Level of Ambition: Regional Ambitions and Limited Capabilities	207
	Willingness to Use Military Force: The Military Instrument as an Important Tool	210
	Scope for the Executive: Uninterested Society and Lack of Competence in Legislature	212
	Foreign Policy Orientation: The Transatlantic Link is a Cornerstone	214
	Conclusion	215
	Luxembourg	218
	Foreign Policy Orientation: From Reactive to Proactive	220
	Scope of Action for the Executive	222
	Level of Ambition	225
	Willingness to Use Military Force: The Lessons of History	227
	Conclusion	229
	Malta	232
	Level of Ambition	233
	Foreign Policy Orientation	236
	Scope of Action for the Executive	239
	Willingness to Use Military Force	240
	Conclusion	241
	Netherlands	243
	Level of Ambition	244
	Scope of Action for the Executive	248
	Foreign Policy Orientation	249
	Willingness to Use Military Force	250
	Conclusion	252
	Poland	256
	Level of Ambition: The Imperative of Reassurance and its Consequences	257
	Foreign Policy Orientation: The Atlanticist Shifting Towards Europe?	260
	Willingness to Use Military Force: Ready to Fight	262
	Scope of Action for the Executive: One Actor Show	263
	Conclusion	265
	Portugal	268
	Level of Ambition: A Modest but Global Role in Robust Alliances	268
	Scope of Action for the Executive: The Prime-Minister and President as Key-Actors	269
	Foreign Policy Orientation: A Euro-Atlantic State and Lusophone Nation	271
	Willingness to Use Military Force: Shape and Costs of Defence in a Context Dominated by the Financial Crisis	274
	Conclusion	277
	Romania	279
	Foreign Policy Orientation: Die-hard Atlanticism	281
	Level of Ambition: Regionally Motivated Assertiveness	283
	Willingness to Use Military Force: Only as last Resort, Together with Allies	286
	Scope of Action for the Executive: Blessed Flexibility	288
	Conclusion	289
	Slovakia	292
	Level of Ambition	294
	Foreign Policy Orientation	296
	Scope of Action for the Executive	298
	Willingness to Use Military Force	299
	Conclusion	301
	Slovenia	303
	Level of Ambition	304
	Scope of Action for the Executive	306
	Foreign Policy Orientation	308
	Willingness to Use Military Force	311
	Conclusion	312
	Spain	316
	Level of Ambition	316
	Scope of Action for the Executive	318
	Foreign Policy Orientation: A Balanced Approach	320
	Willingness to Use Military Force	323
	Conclusion	325
	Sweden	326
	Level of Ambition	327
	Scope of Action for the Executive: Always Ask the Parliament, While Government Decides	329
	Foreign Policy Orientation: EU, I Love You (But NATO, Too)!	332
	Willingness to Use Military Force: A Force for Good	333
	Conclusion	337
	Turkey	341
	Level of Ambition	342
	Scope of Action for the Executive	344
	Foreign Policy Orientation	345
	Willingness to Use Military Force	348
	Conclusion	349
	United Kingdom	352
	Level of Ambition	352
	Scope of Action for the Executive	354
	Foreign Policy Orientation	357
	Willingness to Use Military Force	360
	Conclusion	363
	Conclusion	367
	The Analysis of Strategic Cultures in Europe	367
	Mapping Strategic Cultures in Europe	371
	Consequences for Further Cooperation and Integration in European Security Policy	374
	Consequences for Further Research	378
	Acknowledgement	382
	About the Authors	383