Cover	1
	Title Page	5
	Copyright Page	6
	Table of Contents	7
	Preface	13
	Chapter 1. Carbon Fabric-reinforced Polymer Composites and Parameters Controlling Tribological Performance	15
	1.1. Introduction to polymeric tribo-composites	17
	1.2. Carbon fibers as reinforcement	20
	1.2.1. Classification of carbon fibers	21
	1.2.2. Classification of fabric weaves	26
	1.3. Carbon fabric-reinforced composites	26
	1.3.1. Manufacturing methods to create CFRCs	27
	1.3.2. Performance evaluation of composites	28
	1.3.3. Tribological properties	28
	1.4. Tribo-performance of CFRCs: influential parameters	29
	1.4.1. Influence of the processing technique	30
	1.4.2. Influence of fabric contents	33
	1.4.3. Fabric orientation effect	43
	1.4.4. Effect of fabric weave on performance properties	44
	1.4.5. Influence of strengthening the fiber matrix interface	47
	1.4.6. Influence of the type of polymer used	55
	1.4.7. Influence of the molecular weight of a polymer	56
	1.5. Concluding remarks	60
	1.6. Bibliography	64
	A1.1. Appendix I: Various techniques for developing CFRCs by compression molding	68
	A1.1.1. Hand lay-up technique	68
	A1.1.2. Impregnation technique	69
	A1.1.3. Polymer film technique	69
	A1.1.4. Powder prepreg technique	69
	A2. Appendix II: Characterization methods for CFRCs	71
	A2.1. Physical characterization	71
	A2.2. Mechanical properties	73
	Chapter 2. Adhesive Wear Characteristics of Natural Fiber-reinforced Composites	75
	2.1. Introduction	76
	2.1.1. Why natural fibers?	76
	2.1.2. Tribology of polymeric composites based on natural fibers	77
	2.2. Preparation of polyester composites	81
	2.2.1. Preparation of FRPC	81
	2.2.2. Preparation of palm oil fibers and PORP composites	83
	2.2.3. NaOH treatment	83
	2.2.4. Preparation of PORP composites	84
	2.3. Specifications of the fibers and composites	84
	2.3.1. Interfacial adhesion of palm oil fibers	84
	2.3.2. Mechanical properties of the composites	88
	2.4. Tribo-experimental details	90
	2.4.1. Experimental procedure	92
	2.4.2. Examination of worn surfaces	93
	2.4.3. Parameters measured	94
	2.4.4. Results and discussion	94
	2.4.5. Effect of operating parameters	94
	2.4.6. Effect of 6% NaOH treatment	101
	2.4.7. Effect of wet and dry contact conditions	103
	2.5. Summary	107
	2.6. Bibliography	108
	Chapter 3. Resistance to Cavitation Erosion: Material Selection	113
	3.1. Cavitation erosion of materials – a brief review	113
	3.2. Measuring the wear resistance of a material to cavitation erosion by using a vibratory cavitation erosion apparatus	115
	3.2.1. General view of an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus	115
	3.2.2. Determination of the wear resistance of a material to cavitation erosion	117
	3.2.3. Experimental details	119
	3.3. Material selection	122
	3.3.1. Metal and alloys	123
	3.3.2. Advanced ceramic	126
	3.3.3. Polymer	127
	3.3.4. Comparison	128
	3.4. Conclusion	129
	3.5. Acknowledgement	130
	3.6. Bibliography	130
	Chapter 4. Cavitation of Biofuel Applied in the Injection Nozzles of Diesel Engines	133
	4.1. Introduction	134
	4.2. General understanding of cavitation erosion	136
	4.2.1. Mechanism of cavitation erosion	136
	4.2.2. Synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion	143
	4.3. Hydraulic characteristics of cavitation flow	145
	4.3.1. Numerical models and validation	147
	4.3.2. Effect of boundary pressure on cavitation	147
	4.3.3. Effect of nozzle geometry on cavitation	150
	4.4. Influence of fuel property on cavitation.	153
	4.4.1. Cavitating flow characteristics	154
	4.4.2. Variation in the characteristics of dimensionless parameters	156
	4.4.3. Effect of fuel properties on cavitation inception	158
	4.5. Cavitation erosion of biofuel in the diesel injection nozzle	160
	4.5.1. Effect of cavitation erosion on a nozzle	160
	4.5.2. Location of cavitation erosion in a nozzle	162
	4.5.3. Factors that influence cavitation erosion in nozzles	165
	4.5.4. Effect of biofuel on the erosion of nozzles	168
	4.6. Conclusion	169
	4.7. Acknowledgments	170
	4.8. Bibliography	171
	Chapter 5. Wear and Corrosion Damage of Medical-grade Metals and Alloys	177
	5.1. Introduction	178
	5.1.1. Total joint replacements	181
	5.1.2. Metal alloys	183
	5.2. Clinical studies and mechanistic investigation into implant failure	187
	5.2.1. Wear mechanisms	190
	5.2.2. Physiological corrosion of metals	192
	5.2.3. Bio-tribo-corrosion at the modular interface	194
	5.2.4. Adverse effects due to the creation of wear particles	197
	5.3. Residual stress development by rough surface contact	198
	5.3.1. Surface properties of bio-implants	200
	5.3.2. Stress-assisted electrochemical dissolution and local corrosion damage	202
	5.4. Conclusion	206
	5.5. Bibliography	207
	List of Authors	211
	Index	215