|
Cover |
1 |
|
|
Title Page |
5 |
|
|
Copyright Page |
6 |
|
|
Table of Contents |
7 |
|
|
Preface |
13 |
|
|
Chapter 1. Carbon Fabric-reinforced Polymer Composites and Parameters Controlling Tribological Performance |
15 |
|
|
1.1. Introduction to polymeric tribo-composites |
17 |
|
|
1.2. Carbon fibers as reinforcement |
20 |
|
|
1.2.1. Classification of carbon fibers |
21 |
|
|
1.2.2. Classification of fabric weaves |
26 |
|
|
1.3. Carbon fabric-reinforced composites |
26 |
|
|
1.3.1. Manufacturing methods to create CFRCs |
27 |
|
|
1.3.2. Performance evaluation of composites |
28 |
|
|
1.3.3. Tribological properties |
28 |
|
|
1.4. Tribo-performance of CFRCs: influential parameters |
29 |
|
|
1.4.1. Influence of the processing technique |
30 |
|
|
1.4.2. Influence of fabric contents |
33 |
|
|
1.4.3. Fabric orientation effect |
43 |
|
|
1.4.4. Effect of fabric weave on performance properties |
44 |
|
|
1.4.5. Influence of strengthening the fiber matrix interface |
47 |
|
|
1.4.6. Influence of the type of polymer used |
55 |
|
|
1.4.7. Influence of the molecular weight of a polymer |
56 |
|
|
1.5. Concluding remarks |
60 |
|
|
1.6. Bibliography |
64 |
|
|
A1.1. Appendix I: Various techniques for developing CFRCs by compression molding |
68 |
|
|
A1.1.1. Hand lay-up technique |
68 |
|
|
A1.1.2. Impregnation technique |
69 |
|
|
A1.1.3. Polymer film technique |
69 |
|
|
A1.1.4. Powder prepreg technique |
69 |
|
|
A2. Appendix II: Characterization methods for CFRCs |
71 |
|
|
A2.1. Physical characterization |
71 |
|
|
A2.2. Mechanical properties |
73 |
|
|
Chapter 2. Adhesive Wear Characteristics of Natural Fiber-reinforced Composites |
75 |
|
|
2.1. Introduction |
76 |
|
|
2.1.1. Why natural fibers? |
76 |
|
|
2.1.2. Tribology of polymeric composites based on natural fibers |
77 |
|
|
2.2. Preparation of polyester composites |
81 |
|
|
2.2.1. Preparation of FRPC |
81 |
|
|
2.2.2. Preparation of palm oil fibers and PORP composites |
83 |
|
|
2.2.3. NaOH treatment |
83 |
|
|
2.2.4. Preparation of PORP composites |
84 |
|
|
2.3. Specifications of the fibers and composites |
84 |
|
|
2.3.1. Interfacial adhesion of palm oil fibers |
84 |
|
|
2.3.2. Mechanical properties of the composites |
88 |
|
|
2.4. Tribo-experimental details |
90 |
|
|
2.4.1. Experimental procedure |
92 |
|
|
2.4.2. Examination of worn surfaces |
93 |
|
|
2.4.3. Parameters measured |
94 |
|
|
2.4.4. Results and discussion |
94 |
|
|
2.4.5. Effect of operating parameters |
94 |
|
|
2.4.6. Effect of 6% NaOH treatment |
101 |
|
|
2.4.7. Effect of wet and dry contact conditions |
103 |
|
|
2.5. Summary |
107 |
|
|
2.6. Bibliography |
108 |
|
|
Chapter 3. Resistance to Cavitation Erosion: Material Selection |
113 |
|
|
3.1. Cavitation erosion of materials – a brief review |
113 |
|
|
3.2. Measuring the wear resistance of a material to cavitation erosion by using a vibratory cavitation erosion apparatus |
115 |
|
|
3.2.1. General view of an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus |
115 |
|
|
3.2.2. Determination of the wear resistance of a material to cavitation erosion |
117 |
|
|
3.2.3. Experimental details |
119 |
|
|
3.3. Material selection |
122 |
|
|
3.3.1. Metal and alloys |
123 |
|
|
3.3.2. Advanced ceramic |
126 |
|
|
3.3.3. Polymer |
127 |
|
|
3.3.4. Comparison |
128 |
|
|
3.4. Conclusion |
129 |
|
|
3.5. Acknowledgement |
130 |
|
|
3.6. Bibliography |
130 |
|
|
Chapter 4. Cavitation of Biofuel Applied in the Injection Nozzles of Diesel Engines |
133 |
|
|
4.1. Introduction |
134 |
|
|
4.2. General understanding of cavitation erosion |
136 |
|
|
4.2.1. Mechanism of cavitation erosion |
136 |
|
|
4.2.2. Synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion |
143 |
|
|
4.3. Hydraulic characteristics of cavitation flow |
145 |
|
|
4.3.1. Numerical models and validation |
147 |
|
|
4.3.2. Effect of boundary pressure on cavitation |
147 |
|
|
4.3.3. Effect of nozzle geometry on cavitation |
150 |
|
|
4.4. Influence of fuel property on cavitation. |
153 |
|
|
4.4.1. Cavitating flow characteristics |
154 |
|
|
4.4.2. Variation in the characteristics of dimensionless parameters |
156 |
|
|
4.4.3. Effect of fuel properties on cavitation inception |
158 |
|
|
4.5. Cavitation erosion of biofuel in the diesel injection nozzle |
160 |
|
|
4.5.1. Effect of cavitation erosion on a nozzle |
160 |
|
|
4.5.2. Location of cavitation erosion in a nozzle |
162 |
|
|
4.5.3. Factors that influence cavitation erosion in nozzles |
165 |
|
|
4.5.4. Effect of biofuel on the erosion of nozzles |
168 |
|
|
4.6. Conclusion |
169 |
|
|
4.7. Acknowledgments |
170 |
|
|
4.8. Bibliography |
171 |
|
|
Chapter 5. Wear and Corrosion Damage of Medical-grade Metals and Alloys |
177 |
|
|
5.1. Introduction |
178 |
|
|
5.1.1. Total joint replacements |
181 |
|
|
5.1.2. Metal alloys |
183 |
|
|
5.2. Clinical studies and mechanistic investigation into implant failure |
187 |
|
|
5.2.1. Wear mechanisms |
190 |
|
|
5.2.2. Physiological corrosion of metals |
192 |
|
|
5.2.3. Bio-tribo-corrosion at the modular interface |
194 |
|
|
5.2.4. Adverse effects due to the creation of wear particles |
197 |
|
|
5.3. Residual stress development by rough surface contact |
198 |
|
|
5.3.1. Surface properties of bio-implants |
200 |
|
|
5.3.2. Stress-assisted electrochemical dissolution and local corrosion damage |
202 |
|
|
5.4. Conclusion |
206 |
|
|
5.5. Bibliography |
207 |
|
|
List of Authors |
211 |
|
|
Index |
215 |
|